IMPACT OF GENETIC AND HISTORICAL RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OSTEOPOROSIS TIMERGARA TEACHING HOSPITAL

Abstract

Background: Osteoporosis is a progressive skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration, leading to increased bone fragility and fracture risk. It is particularly prevalent in postmenopausal women due to hormonal changes that accelerate bone loss. Globally, osteoporosis remains a significant public health issue, especially in aging populations. Identifying both genetic and historical risk factors is critical for early diagnosis, targeted screening, and preventive strategies to reduce disease burden and associated complications.

Objective: To identify and analyze the key genetic and historical risk factors associated with osteoporosis in individuals aged 40 years and above, with a specific focus on postmenopausal women.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted jointly at the Orthopedic and Gynecology Units of Timergara Teaching Hospital, Dir Lower, Pakistan, from January to July 2024. A total of 70 participants aged ≥40 years with a clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis were enrolled using purposive sampling. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire covering demographics, family history, dietary patterns, medication use, and past medical history. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2017. Frequencies and percentages were calculated, and associations between risk factors and osteoporosis were evaluated using the t-test, with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results: Family history of osteoporosis was reported by 12 participants (17.4%), genetic predisposition in 11 (15.2%), and altered calcium absorption genes in 7 (9.6%). Historical risk factors included prolonged steroid use in 9 individuals (13.0%), previous fractures in 8 (10.9%), thyroid disorders in 6 (7.8%), and immobilization in 4 (6.1%). A statistically significant correlation was observed between family history, steroid use, and low calcium intake with osteoporosis (p<0.05). Multiple risk factors were present in 7% of cases (p=0.01).

Conclusion: The study highlights that both genetic and historical factors, including family history, steroid use, and reduced calcium intake, significantly contribute to osteoporosis risk in individuals over 40, especially postmenopausal women. Early identification and lifestyle-based interventions are crucial to reducing fracture risk and disease progression.