MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH ADHD: A QUANTITATIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY

Abstract

Background: Parenting a child with ADHD presents unique psychological challenges, often leading to heightened stress, anxiety, and depression. Although extensive research has explored these mental health concerns, studies comparing the psychological distress between mothers and fathers of children with ADHD remain scarce, particularly in Pakistan. Understanding these differences is crucial for designing targeted interventions that support parental well-being. This study aims to bridge this gap by examining the association between stress, anxiety, and depression among parents of children with ADHD and identifying gender-based differences in these mental health outcomes.

Objective: This study investigates the relationship between stress, anxiety, and depression among parents of children with ADHD. Additionally, it examines differences in psychological distress between mothers and fathers and explores the mediating role of anxiety in the relationship between stress and depression.

Methods: A cross-sectional correlational research design was employed. Using purposive sampling, data were collected from 216 parents (123 mothers and 93 fathers) of children diagnosed with ADHD under 18 years of age. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) was used to assess stress, anxiety, and depression. Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation, independent t-tests, and mediation analysis via the Hayes Process Macro (Model 4), were conducted using SPSS version 29. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board, and informed consent was secured from all participants.

Results: A significant positive correlation was observed between stress and anxiety (r = .54, p < .01), stress and depression (r = .28, p < .01), and anxiety and depression (r = .42, p < .01). Mothers reported significantly higher levels of stress (M = 6.21, SD = 5.18) than fathers (M = 4.07, SD = 3.38, p < .001, d = 0.48). Anxiety scores were also significantly higher among mothers (M = 9.78, SD = 7.10) compared to fathers (M = 5.53, SD = 3.84, p < .001, d = 0.74). Similarly, mothers exhibited greater depression (M = 13.66, SD = 6.80) than fathers (M = 8.90, SD = 6.18, p < .001, d = 0.73). Mediation analysis confirmed that anxiety significantly mediated the relationship between stress and depression (β = .32, 95% CI [.13, .29]).

Conclusion: The study highlights the significant psychological burden faced by parents of children with ADHD, with mothers experiencing greater distress than fathers. Anxiety serves as a key mediator in the relationship between stress and depression, emphasizing the need for early intervention strategies. These findings underscore the necessity of mental health support services, structured coping mechanisms, and educational programs to enhance parental well-being and improve outcomes for families managing ADHD.