UNDERSTANDING CHRONIC PAIN: TYPES, MECHANISMS, AND EMERGING MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: A REVIEW

Abstract

Background: Chronic pain affects over 30% of the global population, imposing significant physical, psychological, and economic burdens. It is classified into nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic pain, each with distinct mechanisms and management challenges. Despite advancements, the complexity of chronic pain necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its types, mechanisms, and emerging treatment strategies.

Methods: A narrative review was conducted using six electronic databases, including Medline, Embase, and PubMed. Studies examining the biological, psychological, socio-economic, and cultural factors influencing chronic pain were included without date or geographic restrictions. Systematic reviews and key research articles were prioritized.

Results: Nociceptive pain arises from tissue damage, as seen in arthritis and myofascial pain syndrome. Neuropathic pain originates from nerve injury or dysfunction, with examples like diabetic neuropathy and trigeminal neuralgia. Nociplastic pain, exemplified by fibromyalgia, involves altered central pain processing. Recent advancements in molecular and genetic research have uncovered potential therapeutic targets, while non-pharmacological interventions like physical therapy and mindfulness have demonstrated efficacy. However, diagnostic challenges and variability in treatment response highlight the need for individualized, multidisciplinary approaches.

Conclusion: This review underscores the importance of understanding chronic pain classifications and mechanisms to develop targeted and effective management strategies. Future directions should focus on integrating innovative diagnostic tools, enhancing patient education, and implementing personalized multimodal therapies to reduce the burden of chronic pain.