INTESTINAL PROTOZOA INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS IN MUHAJIR RESIDENTIAL ARC-1 & ARC II DISTRICT DIR LOWER

Abstract

Background: Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia are protozoa that parasitize the human large intestine, causing significant morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in developing countries. Intestinal protozoan infections are influenced by various factors such as geography, seasonal patterns, hygiene, and nutritional status.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the geographical distribution, seasonal trends, and risk factors associated with intestinal protozoan infections in the Muhajir camps during 2023, while evaluating the impact of public health interventions and infrastructure improvements.

Methods: A total of 576 fecal specimens were collected from participants experiencing diarrheal disease or gastrointestinal illness in the Muhajir camps. The samples were analyzed for the presence of intestinal protozoa, including Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. Data on demographic factors, seasonal trends, and nutritional status were collected and analyzed to identify risk factors and patterns of infection.

Results: The study revealed a significant drop in the transmission of protozoa, particularly diarrhea, compared to previous years. This reduction was attributed to improved water treatment, sanitation facilities, and community awareness campaigns. Seasonal trends showed higher infection rates during summer due to conducive environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, and lower rates during winter. Males were found to be at higher risk than females, likely due to increased outdoor activities and surface contact. The 20–30 age group exhibited higher infection rates, potentially due to risky practices and frequent environmental exposure. Geographically, Muhajir Camp NP-1 consistently had higher prevalence rates compared to Camp N0-2, emphasizing the need for localized interventions. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly in iron and protein, were associated with increased infection severity.

Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of targeted public health programs that address seasonal activities, hygiene promotion, and infrastructure development to reduce protozoan transmission. Nutritional interventions aimed at addressing deficiencies in iron and protein could further mitigate infection severity. Sustained efforts to reduce inequalities and address risk factors are essential for achieving steady progress in decreasing protozoan infections and improving health outcomes in vulnerable populations.