PREVALENCE OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCE DISTURBANCE AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS, ISLAMABAD WITH ASSOCIATED FACTORS

Abstract

Background: Balance, a vital component of human health, involves coordination between the vestibular, somatosensory, and visual systems. University students are particularly susceptible to balance disturbances due to sedentary behavior, poor lifestyle habits, and fluctuating BMI, all of which can affect both static and dynamic balance. Identifying the prevalence and factors influencing balance disturbances in this population is essential to support targeted interventions that reduce health risks associated with balance impairment.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of static and dynamic balance disturbances among university students, evaluate gender differences, and examine the impact of BMI on balance stability.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 394 university students, selected using Slovin’s formula for sample size calculation. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire encompassing demographics, anthropometric data, and specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Balance assessments included the Stork Test, Single Leg Stance (eyes open and closed) for static balance, and the Y Balance Test and Timed Up and Go Test for dynamic balance. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.

Results: The study sample (n = 394) had a mean age of 21.58 ± 1.64 years. BMI distribution indicated 12.5% underweight, 75.1% normal weight, and 12.4% overweight. Male participants demonstrated greater balance stability compared to females, with mean Stork Test times of 4.79 ± 0.407 seconds for males and 4.96 ± 0.198 seconds for females. Static balance impairments were more prevalent than dynamic ones, and higher BMI was correlated with poorer balance. Participants with normal BMI achieved higher reach distances (107.07 ± 12.56 cm) in the Y Balance Test compared to overweight individuals (86.05 ± 15.23 cm).

Conclusion: A significant prevalence of balance disturbances was observed, with static impairments more common than dynamic. Higher BMI, low physical activity levels, and sedentary habits were associated with poorer balance, whereas an active lifestyle contributed to improved balance control.