A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXTRACTION AND QUANTIFICATION METHODS OF PROTEIN ISOLATED FROM BEANS

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Saliha Khalid
Drakhshaan
Alaa Ghaleb Alsawwa
Md Kamrul Islam
Khizra Hashmat
Ahmad Ibne Yousaf
Abu Baker Sidiq
Muhammad Sikandar Subhani

Abstract

Background: Beans serve as a significant source of protein, minerals, and plant-derived micronutrients, holding social and economic importance. Their consumption is linked to numerous health benefits, including reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. Plant-based proteins are also environmentally advantageous, as their production requires fewer natural resources and results in a smaller carbon footprint than animal-derived proteins. This study explores protein extraction methods from beans and assesses analytical techniques for protein quantification.


Objective: To examine various protein extraction and quantification techniques from beans, focusing on four primary analytical methods: SDS-PAGE, Bradford, Lowry, and spectrophotometry.


Methods: Proteins were extracted from bean samples using standardized cell disruption, solubilization, enrichment, and digestion techniques. Four analytical methods were then applied to quantify the proteins: SDS-PAGE (for molecular weight separation), Bradford (dye-binding assay), Lowry (colorimetric assay), and spectrophotometry (UV absorption at 280 nm). Each method’s precision, sensitivity, and compatibility with bean protein extracts were evaluated.


Results: SDS-PAGE effectively separated proteins in the 5-250 kDa range with a 95% consistency in molecular weight determination. The Bradford method detected protein concentrations as low as 1 µg/mL, while the Lowry method demonstrated a 10-fold sensitivity increase over spectrophotometry, which was limited by UV interference. Both Bradford and Lowry were modified for specific protein compositions, with Bradford showing less interference.


Conclusion: The Bradford method demonstrated the greatest adaptability and minimal interference in bean protein quantification, whereas SDS-PAGE proved optimal for protein fraction analysis. These findings suggest the continued development of extraction and quantification techniques to meet the increasing demand for plant-based proteins.

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Author Biographies

Saliha Khalid, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Department of Material Science and Nanotechnology, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Drakhshaan, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore.

Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore.

Alaa Ghaleb Alsawwa, Aqaba University of Technology, Jordan.

Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Aqaba University of Technology, Jordan.

Md Kamrul Islam, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Khizra Hashmat, Minhaj University Lahore.

School of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Minhaj University Lahore.

Ahmad Ibne Yousaf, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan.

Assistant Registrar, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan.

Abu Baker Sidiq, Gomal University, Pakistan.

Department of Plant Breeding, Gomal University, Pakistan.

Muhammad Sikandar Subhani, Riphah International University Islamabad, Pakistan.

Department of Chemistry, Riphah International University Islamabad, Pakistan.