EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS OF VECTOR BORNE DISEASE (CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS)

Abstract

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania parasites, transmitted by infected sandflies. It is endemic in various regions of Pakistan, including Punjab, where environmental and socioeconomic conditions contribute to its persistence. Despite its widespread prevalence, epidemiological data remain limited. Identifying key demographic, occupational, and socioeconomic factors associated with CL is essential for developing targeted public health interventions and improving disease control strategies.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of CL in Punjab, Pakistan, and evaluate its association with gender, occupation, and socioeconomic status to identify high-risk groups and inform preventive measures.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2024 to December 2024, analyzing 485 confirmed cases from multiple healthcare centers in Punjab. Data were collected through structured interviews and clinical examinations. Diagnosis was confirmed using microscopic evaluation of stained blood smears and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26 to assess associations between CL prevalence and demographic, occupational, and socioeconomic factors.

Results: The prevalence of CL varied between 8.0% and 22.0%, with males (57.3%) more affected than females (42.7%). The highest infection rates were observed in rural areas (62.9%) compared to urban regions (37.1%). Occupational distribution showed farmers (22.0%), students (21.0%), and laborers (18.5%) as the most affected groups. Lower socioeconomic areas exhibited higher infection rates, particularly in regions with poor housing conditions, limited healthcare access, and greater vector exposure.

Conclusion: The study highlights a strong correlation between CL prevalence and demographic, occupational, and socioeconomic factors. The findings emphasize the need for region-specific interventions, including enhanced vector control, improved housing infrastructure, and targeted health education programs. Implementing preventive strategies, particularly in farming communities and low-income areas, is crucial for reducing disease burden and limiting transmission.