PATTERN OF CHOLELITHIASIS AND ITS RISK FACTORS IN MALE AND FEMALE PATIENTS ON ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Abstract

Background: Cholelithiasis is a common gastrointestinal disorder with a wide spectrum of clinical presentation, ranging from asymptomatic disease to acute biliary complications. Its development is influenced by demographic, metabolic, hormonal, and lifestyle-related factors, with marked geographic and gender-based variations. In Pakistan, limited population-based data exist, particularly regarding ultrasound-detected patterns and modifiable risk factors, underscoring the need for local evidence to guide preventive strategies.

Objective: To determine the frequency of cholelithiasis and identify associated risk factors among adults using abdominal ultrasonography, with the aim of highlighting potential preventive measures.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using non-probability convenience sampling at two tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan. A total of 144 adults aged above 35 years who were advised abdominal ultrasound were enrolled after informed consent. Data were collected using a self-structured questionnaire covering demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, lifestyle factors, medical and reproductive history, and ultrasonographic findings. Gallstones were identified using standardized ultrasound protocols. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22, applying descriptive statistics to summarize variables and exploratory analyses to assess distribution patterns.

Results: Among the 144 participants, females constituted 68.06% and males 31.94%. The highest frequency of cholelithiasis was observed in the 35–50-year age group (61.11%). Abdominal pain was reported by 77.78% of participants, while vomiting was present in 50.69%. A positive family history was noted in 70.83%, obesity in 61.11%, and unhealthy dietary patterns in 68.06%. Diabetes mellitus was reported by 34.72%. Among females, 84.69% had a history of pregnancy, with multiple pregnancies reported in 61.22%. Ultrasonography revealed multiple gallstones in 68.75% of cases.

Conclusion: Cholelithiasis was more frequent in females and middle-aged adults and was strongly associated with pregnancy, obesity, family history, and unhealthy dietary habits. These findings emphasize the importance of lifestyle modification, weight management, and targeted health education to reduce disease burden.