Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception Towards Awareness of Prostate Cancer Among Medical and Non-Medical Students of Punjab, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting men worldwide, with rising incidence in developing countries due to aging populations and changing lifestyles. Despite its clinical significance, awareness of prostate cancer, its risk factors, and early detection strategies remains limited among younger populations. University students represent a critical group for preventive health education, as their knowledge and attitudes can influence future health-seeking behavior and community awareness.

Objective: To assess and compare the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions regarding prostate cancer and its screening among medical and non-medical university students in Punjab, Pakistan.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 579 male university students aged 18–35 years, including 323 medical and 256 non-medical students. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered online questionnaire covering demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions related to prostate cancer. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, with descriptive statistics expressed as frequencies and percentages, and inferential analysis conducted using Chi-square and Mann–Whitney U tests. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Overall awareness of prostate cancer was reported by 80.2% of medical students compared with 38.7% of non-medical students. Knowledge of screening methods such as prostate-specific antigen testing or digital rectal examination was low in both groups (30.3% medical vs. 15.2% non-medical). Poor to fair self-rated knowledge was reported by 78.3% of medical students and 87.5% of non-medical students. Embarrassment related to screening was reported by 16.1% of medical students and 9.4% of non-medical students. Most respondents indicated they would pursue screening only if recommended by a healthcare professional rather than independently.

Conclusion: University students in Punjab demonstrated substantial gaps in knowledge and suboptimal attitudes toward prostate cancer, particularly among non-medical students. These findings emphasize the need for structured, culturally sensitive educational interventions at the university level to improve awareness, reduce stigma, and promote early detection practices.