EVALUATION OF HEMATOLOGICAL PROFILE VARIATIONS IN PREGNANT WOMEN AS AN INDICATOR OF EARLY PREGNANCY LOSS

Abstract

Background: Pregnancy is a physiological state marked by extensive hematological adaptations that support fetal development. These changes are generally well-tolerated; however, deviations beyond normal ranges may predispose women to complications, including early pregnancy loss. Monitoring hematological parameters provides critical insight into maternal health, as variations in red cell indices, leukocyte profiles, and platelet counts reflect underlying physiological or pathological processes. Understanding these changes is essential for establishing reference values and improving clinical assessment during early gestation.

Objective: To evaluate and compare hematological parameters and β-hCG levels in women during the first trimester of pregnancy and after miscarriage, and to establish reference profiles supportive of early clinical decision-making.

Methods: An experimental study was conducted among 100 women aged 21–42 years, divided into two groups of 50: first-trimester pregnant women and women who had experienced miscarriage. Venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for hemoglobin, RBCs, WBCs, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, platelets, and differential leukocyte counts using a Mindray BC-6000 analyzer. β-hCG levels were assessed using a biochemistry analyzer. Demographic and clinical information was obtained through structured questionnaires. Statistical comparisons were performed to evaluate group differences, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results: Hemoglobin decreased from 12.014 g/dl in the first trimester to 9.412 g/dl after miscarriage (p < 0.01), while RBCs declined from 4.376 ×10¹²/L to 4.011 ×10¹²/L (p < 0.01). WBCs increased significantly to 9.476 ± 2.89 ×10⁹/L (p ≤ 0.03), accompanied by higher neutrophil levels (72.462 ± 8.70%). Lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils decreased (p ≤ 0.02), whereas platelets showed a slight reduction from 297 to 287 ×10⁹/L. MCV, MCH, and MCHC were also lower after miscarriage (p < 0.05). β-hCG levels markedly declined following pregnancy loss (p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Significant hematological and hormonal alterations were observed following miscarriage, demonstrating the clinical value of routine hematological monitoring in early pregnancy. These findings contribute reference points for evaluating maternal health and emphasize the need for nutritional counseling and consistent antenatal assessment.