PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF CERVICAL PAIN AMONG MADRASSA STUDENTS IN SOUTH PUNJAB

Abstract

Background: Cervical pain is among the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders globally, contributing to functional limitation, reduced productivity, and psychological distress. Its onset is strongly influenced by prolonged static posture, poor ergonomics, and insufficient physical activity. Despite extensive research in occupational and academic settings, limited evidence exists within traditional religious education systems. Madrassa students in Pakistan often maintain forward-flexed, floor-seated positions for extended hours, potentially predisposing them to early-onset cervical strain and postural fatigue.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of cervical pain and identify its major behavioral and ergonomic risk factors among madrassa students in South Punjab.

Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from January to June 2024 among 412 madrassa students aged 12–25 years selected through multistage random sampling. Data were collected using a pretested and validated questionnaire encompassing demographic details, posture, sitting duration, physical activity, and pain characteristics. Reliability testing yielded a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.82. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using SPSS version 26.0. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 with 95% confidence intervals.

Results: Out of 412 participants, 289 reported cervical pain, indicating an overall prevalence of 70.2%. Pain was more common among females (74.1%) than males (66.7%, p = 0.048). Students sitting for ≥4 hours daily had significantly higher pain prevalence (78.8%) compared to those sitting <4 hours (55.6%, p < 0.001; adjusted OR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.63–4.21). Forward-flexed posture (>45°) and inadequate physical activity (<150 minutes/week) were independent predictors (adjusted OR = 2.08 and 1.84, respectively; p < 0.05). Most students experienced moderate pain intensity (45.0%) of short duration (<1 hour in 70.2%), suggesting transient, load-related discomfort rather than chronic pathology.

Conclusion: Cervical pain is highly prevalent among madrassa students in South Punjab and primarily results from modifiable ergonomic and lifestyle factors. Integrating culturally sensitive, low-cost preventive interventions—such as scheduled posture breaks, basic spinal exercises, and ergonomic education—can significantly reduce musculoskeletal burden and promote better academic wellbeing in traditional learning environments.