EMERGING NON-INVASIVE IMAGING TECHNIQUES IN DIAGNOSIS AND MONITORING OF UROLOGICAL DISORDERS: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Abstract

Background: Urological disorders such as prostate cancer, bladder tumors, and renal masses are among the most prevalent and clinically significant conditions worldwide. Accurate and early diagnosis is essential to optimize treatment outcomes and reduce patient morbidity. Traditional imaging methods, although valuable, have limitations related to radiation exposure, invasiveness, and diagnostic precision. Recent advances in non-invasive imaging modalities offer safer, more precise alternatives that enhance clinical decision-making.

Objective: This narrative review aims to explore and synthesize recent advancements in non-invasive imaging techniques, particularly multiparametric MRI (mpMRI), contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), and shear wave elastography, and evaluate their role in diagnosing and monitoring major urological conditions.

Main Discussion Points: The review discusses the utility of mpMRI beyond prostate cancer, its emerging role in bladder and renal imaging, and how elastography enhances lesion characterization by assessing tissue stiffness. CEUS is examined for its real-time vascular imaging capabilities, especially in renal cyst classification and intravesical tumor detection. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence into imaging interpretation and the standardization challenges across institutions are explored. Current limitations, including variable protocols, accessibility issues, and lack of long-term outcome data, are also addressed.

Conclusion: Non-invasive imaging technologies are reshaping urological diagnostics by offering high diagnostic accuracy with minimal patient risk. While evidence supports their growing clinical utility, further multicenter studies and protocol standardization are necessary to ensure their widespread and effective adoption in routine practice.