EFFECT OF PIPER LONGUM-BASED COOKIES ON LIPID PROFILES: A HUMAN INTERVENTION STUDY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71000/t59dam46Keywords:
Hyperlipidemia, , Piper longum, Herbal formulation, Lipid profile, Cookies, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterolAbstract
Background: Hyperlipidemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated lipid levels that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Its prevalence is rising due to sedentary lifestyles, higher fat intake, and obesity. Conventional pharmacological therapies often cause side effects, prompting interest in natural alternatives. Piper longum, widely recognized in traditional medicine, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic properties. The integration of this medicinal plant into food formulations represents a promising approach to improve patient compliance and provide safe, functional dietary interventions.
Objective: This study aimed to develop Piper longum-based cookies and evaluate their hypolipidemic effects in patients with hyperlipidemia.
Methods: A total of 60 hyperlipidemic patients, both male and female, aged 25–45 years with baseline cholesterol levels above 200 mg/dL and BMI greater than 24.4 kg/m², were enrolled through non-probability sampling. Participants were divided equally into three groups: control (cookies without Piper longum), treatment group T1 (100 g cookies containing 96 g flour and 4 g Piper longum, 2–3 biscuits), and treatment group T2 (100 g cookies containing 96 g flour and 4 g Piper longum, 4–6 biscuits). Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline (day 0), day 30, and day 60 to measure cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA, with p≤0.05 considered significant.
Results: At day 60, total cholesterol decreased from 262.15±44.48 mg/dL to 229.60±24.79 mg/dL in T1 (p=0.001) and from 261.90±44.45 mg/dL to 189.85±6.62 mg/dL in T2 (p<0.001), while no significant change was seen in the control group (p=0.327). LDL levels fell markedly in T1 (182.05±32.06 to 118.10±23.96, p<0.001) and T2 (181.70±32.31 to 95.25±7.05, p<0.001), whereas control values remained stable (p=0.843). HDL increased significantly in both treatment groups (T1: 42.75±1.86 to 44.65±2.30, p=0.001; T2: 43.50±1.88 to 48.15±3.92, p=0.001) but not in controls (p=0.054). Triglycerides dropped from 253.55±87.42 to 179.85±79.14 mg/dL in T1 (p=0.026) and from 252.90±86.98 to 142.55±14.44 mg/dL in T2 (p<0.001), while controls showed no significant reduction (p=0.132).
Conclusion: The findings confirmed that Piper longum-based cookies significantly improved lipid parameters in hyperlipidemic patients, demonstrating reductions in cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL, alongside increases in HDL. As a novel and patient-friendly dietary intervention, these cookies highlight the therapeutic potential of herbal formulations in hyperlipidemia management, though larger and longer-term trials are warranted to validate these outcomes.
References
Eric Omo Irinmwinuwa, Prince Chiazor Unekwe, Joseph Oyindamola Olanrewaju, & Charles Cherechi Njoku. (2022). Review of medicinal plant associated with antihyper-lipidermia. Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews, 5(2), 046–053.
Jaisamut, P., Tohlang, C., Wanna, S., Thanakun, A., Srisuwan, T., Limsuwan, S., Chusri, S. (2022). Clinical evaluation of a novel tablet formulation of traditional Thai polyherbal medicine named Nawametho in comparison with its decoction in the treatment of Hyperlipidemia. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2022, 1–10.
Biswas, P., Ghorai, M., Mishra, T., Gopalakrishnan, A. V., Roy, D., Mane, A. B., Dey, A. (2022). Piper longum L.: A comprehensive review on traditional uses,phytochemistry, pharmacology, and health‐promoting activities. Phytotherapy Research, 36(12), 4425-4476.
Mobashir, M., Turunen, S. P., Izhari, M. A., Ashankyty, I. M., Helleday, T., & Lehti, K. (2022). An approach for systems-level understanding of prostate cancer from high-throughput data integration to pathway modeling and Simulation. Cells, 11(24), 4121.
Bodurlar, Y., & Caliskan, M. (2022). Inhibitory activity of soy cell culture extract on tyrosinase activity and melanin formation in ⍺ -MSH induced B16-F10 Melanoma Cells.
Krämer, J., Kang, R., Grimm, L. M., De Cola, L., Picchetti, P., & Biedermann, F. (2022). Molecular probes, chemosensors, and nanosensors for optical detection of biorelevant molecules and ions in aqueous media and biofluids. Chemical Reviews, 122(3), 3459-3636.
Nanasombat, S. (2023). Antioxidant, anti-oral cancer, and antimicrobial activity of medicinal plant extracts: Development of mouthrinse formulations. Trends in Sciences, 20(5), 4785.
Paul, A. K., Lim, C. L., Apu, M. A., Dolma, K. G., Gupta, M., De Lourdes Pereira, M., Nissapatorn, V. (2023). Are fermented foods effective against inflammatory diseases? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2481.
Popova, L., Ivanchenko, O., Pochkaeva, E., Klotchenko, S., Plotnikova, M., Tsyrulnikova, A., & Aronova, E. (2021a). Rosin derivatives as a platform for the Antiviral Drug Design. Molecules, 26(13), 3836.
Ponnusamy, N., Pillai, G., & Arumugam, M. (2023). Computational investigation of phytochemicals identified from medicinal plant extracts against tuberculosis. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1–14.
Cheng D, Zhang M, Zheng Y, Wang M, Gao Y, Wang X, et al. α-Ketoglutarate prevents hyperlipidemia-induced fatty liver mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress by activating the AMPK-pgc-1α/Nrf2 pathway. Redox Biol. 2024;74:103230.
Ye C, Liu Y, He Z, Huang W, Chen G, Peng T, et al. Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and hyperlipidemia: NHANES 2007-2016. Lipids Health Dis. 2024;23(1):160.
Lee SH, Kim N, Kim M, Woo SH, Han I, Park J, et al. Single-cell transcriptomics reveal cellular diversity of aortic valve and the immunomodulation by PPARγ during hyperlipidemia. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):5461.
Giri A, O'Hanlon D, Jain NB. Risk factors for rotator cuff disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2023;66(1):101631.
Alloubani A, Nimer R, Samara R. Relationship between Hyperlipidemia, Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: A Systematic Review. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2021;17(6):e051121189015.
Yanai H, Adachi H, Hakoshima M, Katsuyama H. Postprandial Hyperlipidemia: Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Atherogenesis, and Treatments. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(18).
Garg A, Radhakrishnan S. Pediatric hyperlipidemia. Indian Heart J. 2024;76 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S104-s7.
Poornima IG, Indaram M, Ross JD, Agarwala A, Wild RA. Hyperlipidemia and risk for preclampsia. J Clin Lipidol. 2022;16(3):253-60.
Ye J, Li L, Hu Z. Exploring the Molecular Mechanism of Action of Yinchen Wuling Powder for the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia, Using Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021:9965906.
Li Z, Zhu G, Chen G, Luo M, Liu X, Chen Z, et al. Distribution of lipid levels and prevalence of hyperlipidemia: data from the NHANES 2007-2018. Lipids Health Dis. 2022;21(1):111.
Gill PK, Dron JS, Berberich AJ, Wang J, McIntyre AD, Cao H, et al. Combined hyperlipidemia is genetically similar to isolated hypertriglyceridemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2021;15(1):79-87.
Yan S, Luo W, Lei L, Zhang Q, Xiu J. Association between serum Klotho concentration and hyperlipidemia in adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2007-2016. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1280873.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Kainat Noor, Ayesha Malik, Sadia Naeem, Uswa Ahmad, Sana Azhar (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
